buy custom Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises essay

purchase custom Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises paper Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises (1926) depicts misery, lost love and decimation. The book dependent on Hemingways companions. This turned out poorly with a large number of his friends. The book had a topic of separation and distance that spoke to the perspectives experienced at the hour of its composition. It was written in a period at which the war had finished. Hemingway talks about the lost age and the post war age. The post war age, experienced after the world war one, depicted idealism, absence of religion, failure to act and segregation. All these happened in light of the fact that the individuals were influenced from numerous points of view. Hemingway was a journalist who after his activity meaning joined the United States armed force. He joined the military against his family wishes, with the goal that he would encounter direct activity of the World War one. He, in any case, didn't prevail with regards to joining the military because of his medical problems and rather joined the American Field Service Ambulance Corps, which sent him to Italy. In Italy, he joined the associated powers. The associated powers put him in the battlefront in Italy. He saw direct impacts of war on his first day of obligation, when he saw a blast on an ammo production line close to Milan. There were numerous brutalities in this blast. Hemingway needed to gather numerous human survives from ladies who had worked in the organization (French associations 23). This was his first experience of human demise, and it was scarcely a day after he joined the unified powers. The experience left him staggered and shaken. Later in July 1918, Hemingways beare r as a rescue vehicle driver finished after he got wounds conveying the provisions to troopers. This experience convalesced Hemingway to an American run Red Cross emergency clinic in Milan. There, he met a medical attendant who later propelled crafted by his first novel. The medical attendant named Sister Agnes Von Kurowsky. During the 1920s term, the Lost Generation began picking up prevalence. The term begat by a woman from France known as Gertrude Stein who heard, by her repairman, reefing to her laborers as having helpless technician aptitudes. She later took this expression and utilized it to portray individuals who dismissed the post war esteems during the 1920s. Ernest Hemingway is among two different scholars, known to be of the lost age. The two different essayists in this gathering were F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Dos Passos. Ernest Hemingway, who was at the time a main abstract figure, utilized Steins express as an epigraph for The Sun Also Rises, his first novel. The notoriety and fame of the novel rose the term, the lost age, to speak to with authors of the post war 1920s (Blanton 98). The term The Lost Generation implies a feeling of aimlessness or good misfortune one of a kind to journalists during the 1920s. The First World War wrecked the possibility of honorable things occurring after temperate activity. Scholarly figures of this time influenced by the way that numerous men kicked the bucket in the war. These passings happened, in spite of the remarkable wellbeing and conduct of the men at the hour of war. A lot more men were intellectually tormented and truly injured. The confidence men had to the ethical guidepost that gave them trust was invalid and they lost it. The abstract figures of that time likewise condemned anecdotal stories made in the American culture. The anecdotal stories reprimanded had subjects of cheerful living, self outcast and profound distance. Fitzgerald, a lost age writer, depicted the young people of the 1920s concealing their downturn in the constrained extravagance of jazz music. The youthful age of the 1920s touched this the jazz ag e. This was depicted in the book This Side Paradise. In another book Th Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald conceals the tragic depression of the fundamental character by the dream of satisfaction and euphoria. Ernest Hemingway's books spearheaded a special composing style begrudged and duplicated by numerous ages to tail him. He used activity dependent on away from instead of the colorful composition of the Victorian period. This colorful composition was for the most part utilized in the nineteenth century. He likewise utilized the outflow to reinforce the plot of his books. Exclusion was portrayed by a procedure of forgetting about the basic material of the novel. The books of the 1920s lost age put together experiences with respect to ways of life lead in the decade. Numerous people in the future were affected by these kinds of composing because of their development in their abstract work and composing styles (Hemingway, 12). Hemingway family moved to Paris, France. This was in the year 1921. The got a hopeless loft which had a storage room for a washroom and no running water. Hemmingways spouse had experienced childhood in the relative magnificence. Hemingway attempted to diminish the degree of crudeness of his living quarters introduced to his significant other so as to cause her to feel progressively great. His better half, regardless of the way that she was from a wealthy family, persevered through the quarters as she diverted by her spouses bohemian way of life excitement. They had a yearly salary, Hadleys trust and Hemingways work, that was enormous enough to lease a nice level in Europe. Hemingway concluded that he would prefer to remain and write in harmony in that condition than a cutting edge one. During Hemingways initial scarcely any years in Paris, he met and fashioned fast fellowships with specialists and scholars. This made conceivable by from Sherwood Anderson that acquainted him with the French society. Among his numerous companions were well known scholars, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, Sylvia Beach, Wyndahm Lewis, Lincoln Steffens and Max Eastman. He likewise met with eminent painters Picasso and Miro. This fellowship was critical to his bearer, as his companions built up his composition and aesthetic abilities over the time. His initial two years in Paris as a writer saw him spread Paris broadly. He secured gravest stories like the Geneva Conference 1922, the Ruhr post war show, the Conference of Luasanne and The Greco-Turkish War all in 1923. Hemingway was additionally a way of life essayist. He composed pieces on public activity in Europe that included coasting, skiing, bullfighting and fishing. Hemingway moved from Paris to the United States of America subsequent to understanding his better half was pregnant. The need to move was on the grounds that there were better clinical offices for his wifes conveyance in the United States. Hemingway overlooked the way that his transporter as a fledging fiction author and correspondent was on the ascent. He additionally disregarded the way that the public activities were on the correct step in Europe. The main thing in his psyche was his better half and the unborn childs wellbeing. He moved to Toronto in 1923 where he composed articles for Toronto Daily as he sat tight for the introduction of his youngster. His children birth date is October tenth, 1923. John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway, his child, joined the remainder of the family on a boat back to Paris four months after birth. Back in Paris, Hemingway found a new line of work altering the fledging abstract magazine of Maddox Ford, the Transatlantic Review. He landed this position with suggestions from Ezra Pound, indicating his associates at long last were advantageous. Ezra Pound suggested Hemingway as an accomplished writer who acquired the best exposition writing on the planet. He likewise said that Hemingway had extraordinarily huge section (Kirui 56). Passage applauded the youthful writeer and distributed a portion of his previous works. The magazine kept going just one and a half years. Passage didn't abandon Hemingway as he permitted him to chip away at his aesthetic hypotheses for distribution in good diaries. Hemingway created his most noteworthy works in the twentieth century fiction in the years somewhere in the range of 1925 and 1929. He composed a milestone short story in 1925 brought In Time, which had the monstrous two-hearted stream. In 1926, he thought of his first evident novel, The Sun Also Rises. He followed this with other novel Men Without Women in 1927. In 1929, he distributed the best novel out of the world war one. This epic was known as A Farewell To Arms. His epic, The Sun Also Rises, acquainted the world with the lost age. This tale turned into a basic money related accomplishment in Hemingways life. The book was set in Paris and Spain; it was an account of affection in the background of bullfighting and bars. Hemingways life began disintegrating, in spite of his ascent recorded as a hard copy notoriety. He left his first spouse remarried and moved to an existence of unwinding in Florida for a long time. His dad ended it all, because of his diabetic condition (Bloom 87). Ernest Hemingways works had huge effect on American writing. His impact was extensive around then and keeps on affecting American simpletons today. His impact was huge and boundless that it might be esteemed most contemporary fiction. It depends on Hemingways motivation in his composition or the existence he drove. Essayists intentionally imitated Hemingways work in his time. These were innovators in the artistic circle. Journalists like James Joyce wrongdoing fiction owe a solid obligation for utilizing Hemingway as a model and his style. Ernest Hemingways brief exposition style is said to have roused numerous American short story scholars in the beat age. These incorporate Jack Kerouac, J.D. Salinger and numerous others. He additionally affected authors in the Generation X that included Douglas Coupland, Chuck Palahniuk and Bret Easton Ellis and numerous others. A considerable lot of these journalists needed to be in a similar vein as Ernest Hemingway (Farley 67). Taking everything into account, many adored figures in the exemplary American writing hail Hemingway as a Nobel champ. He picked up his reputation in his works of the years somewhere in the range of 1920 and 1950. His work was so enrapturing, rousing and compelling that drove him to win the Nobel Prize in 1954. This was the Nobel Prize in Literature. Hemingway keeps on being known for convincing and legitimate character creation. Individuals knew him for his downplaying composing styles. Hemingway picked up the gigantic empathy in his job as a Red Cross official in the World War I. He additionally picked up the noteworthy introduction in his job as a Red Cross official as it took him to Italy and Paris among

Using the Spanish Noun Vez

Utilizing the Spanish Noun Vez Vez (plural veces) is one of the most normally utilized things of Spanish and can generally be absolutely deciphered as event, in spite of the fact that by and by it is typically interpreted as time. Here are a few instances of regular utilization: Mil veces te quiero, Alejandro. I love you a thousand times, Alejandro.Llegamos cuatro veces a la last. We made it multiple times to the final.Ser la à ºltima vez que me veas. It will be the last time you see me. Una vez is normally interpreted as once, albeit clearly it could likewise be deciphered truly as one time, and dos veces can be deciphered as twice or multiple times: Se toma una vez por dã ­a en un nivel de dosis decidido por el mã ©dico. It is taken once every day at a measurement level chosen by the doctor. ¿Te has enamorado dos veces de la misma persona? Have you become hopelessly enamored with a similar individual twice?Sà ³lo se vive dos veces es la quinta entrega de la adventure James Bond. You Only Live Twice is the fifth portion in the James Bond arrangement. Veces can be utilized in making examinations, for example, the accompanying: Es una pila que dura hasta cuatro veces ms. Its a battery that keeps going up to multiple times longer.La envidia es mil veces ms horrendous que el hambre. Envy is a thousand times more awful than hunger. Employments of Vez and Veces Vez and veces can be utilized in an assortment of expressions. The accompanying models show the absolute generally normal, despite the fact that these arent the main interpretations conceivable: Alguna vez voy a ser libre. At some point I will be free.El gato de Schrã ¶dinger sigue estando vivo y muerto a la vez pero en ramas diferentes del universo. Schrã ¶dingers feline was alive and dead simultaneously however in various segments of the universe.A mi vez, no puedo comprender el tipo que dice que la casa es tarea de la mujer. As far as concerns me, I cannot comprehend the sort who says housework is a womans work. (Likewise utilized are expressions, for example, a tu vez, as far as it matters for you, and a su vez, for his/her part.)Cada vez que te veo me gustas ms. Each time I see you I like you more.La actriz tolera cada vez menos la intrusiã ³n en su vida. The entertainer is enduring the interruption in her life less and less.De vez en cuando es necesario perder la razã ³n. On occasion it is important to be wrong.Estoy fantaseando en vez de estudiar. I am fantasizing rather than studying.A veces sueã ±o que ests conmigo. Once in a while I dream that you are with me. Los baratos muchas veces salen caros. Modest things regularly sell at a significant expense.  ¿Por quã © el deface algunas veces se ve verde y otras veces azul? For what reason does the ocean in some cases look green and different occasions blue?Habà ­a una vez una gata vivã ­a en una casita blanca. Quite a long time ago a feline lived in somewhat white house.Una vez ms Einstein tiene razã ³n. By and by, Einstein is right.La red otra vez fuera de lã ­nea. The system went disconnected again.La felicidad se encuentra rara vez donde se busca. Joy is infrequently discovered where it is searched for.

5 Secrets to Getting Never-Ending Job Offers! - Guest Post by David Mensah

5 Secrets to Getting Never-Ending Job Offers! - Guest Post by David Mensah A week ago I expounded on the significance of development and input for accomplishment in your business or pursuit of employment. The article, Do These * 2 * Things and Get Amazing Results in Your Business OR Job Search, truly was about how to have productive discussions and assemble significant associations. This week, my old buddy and long-term business composing customer, David Mensah, shares his astuteness on a related theme: how to make a surge of occupation and work offers throughâ the craft of conversing with individuals. Visitor post by David Mensah Envision this experience: You’re in a discussion with a companion, partner or new colleague, when that individual out of nowhere intrudes on the progression of the discussion to offer you some type of business! For the greater part of my life, I have had that experience all the time, and I have eventually manufactured a vocation as an initiative mentor and official mentor accordingly. So when I began to extend my counseling practice to incorporate vocation instructing, I needed to see whether I could prepare individuals to do what I have done effectively in my own proficient life: create business openings reliably, both in authentic meetings and ordinary discussions, regardless of whether they are searching for a vocation. Here are my main 5 proposals for making â€Å"the ceaseless employment offer†: BE EXCITED: Pick a vocation that starts your enthusiasm, and let that energy appear! Your fervor is infectious. I can generally enlighten when others are energetic regarding their professions. Authentic fervor is fascinating and infectious, while pretended energy is constrained and exhausting. Find your actual calling, regardless of whether it doesnt bode well or panics you (will be you a bookkeeper who consistently needed to be an artist?) Your profession is as close to home as it gets and it’s worth discovering and sharing-what illuminates you. BE INTERESTED IN OTHERS: At the point when individuals are genuinely inquisitive about me, I feel fortunate and safe and I need to find out about that individual consequently. That’s the sort of intrigue you need to make in others. When discussing your life, make a point to make time to investigate the lives of people around you. You may pose inquiries about people’s foundation, work victories and difficulties, or families. Investigate their qualities and what’s critical to them. Train yourself to discover something intriguing about everybody, including companions, organizing contacts, and truly, even questioners! In each discussion I make it my training to discover 10 things I like about the other individual in the initial 5 minutes. It causes me to listen in an unexpected way. Continue posing inquiries until you discover a territory where the other individual is stimulated, and center there. You may be shocked at the advantages that return to you. IN AN INTERVIEW, ASK QUESTIONS: Come arranged to each activity or instructive meeting with questions you need to inquire. What's more, don’t stop there. To be perfectly honest, in the event that you are not intrigued enough with regards to the center of a meeting to have a couple of unconstrained inquiries, you are likely not inspired by the activity or the organization. Questions rise up out of a characteristic want to know more-to dive profoundly into things that issue to you. At the point when you ask individuals inquiries, they become familiar with a ton about how you contemplate them, their organization, and, if pertinent, the accessible position. Your inquiries uncover something about you simultaneously as you find out about some other person or thing. BE CONNECTED: Individuals enlist individuals they like and this inclination emerges from a feeling of association. To make liking with individuals where it probably won't exist naturally, consider recounting tales about yourself stressing your mankind. I have been known to discuss my latest business disappointment or how my personality hinders my fantasies. Tales about our disappointments and blemishes permit others to interface profoundly with us and push individuals rapidly past the surface contrasts that keep us isolated. While associating with others comes effectively to a few, it tends to be trying to certain individuals. Do your self-awareness work so you can undoubtedly interface with the new individuals in your existence without inside tales about you or them disrupting the general flow. SPEAK ABOUT YOURSELF USING THEIR LANGUAGE: As any discussion advances, I find out increasingly more about the individual I am talking with. When you think enough about somebody, it is a lot simpler to enlighten them concerning yourself, since now you can reference an amazing pieces that assist them with comprehension yours. At the point when I am conversing with somebody who esteems their family over everything, it is normal for me to utilize my affection and thankfulness for my little dog to depict how connections spur my expert victories and disappointments. At the point when I converse with individuals who care basically about creation a distinction for other people, I depict my enthusiasm for training as an approach to instruct aptitudes that they can give to everybody they contact. The more you genuinely tune in to somebody, the more you can utilize the language they utilize and address their qualities. You will cause profound associations with individuals who to feel seen and comprehended by you, and who will need to discover approaches to invest more energy in your quality maybe by extending to you an employment opportunity. At the point when my customers grasp these practices, in interviews as well as in each communication with others, they begin creating openings for work. Getting amped up for your own profession and developing a real enthusiasm for others results in others’ sitting up and paying heed. Your endless opening for work will happen each discussion in turn. David Mensah is an administration mentor and official mentor living and working in New York City. If it's not too much trouble interface with him on twitter @DKBWAVE or study his work at www.DKBWAVE.com.

Cancer Screening Program-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Basic examination of a National Health Promotion Program. Answer: Outline of the Program The weight of disease in Australia, as is in the remainder of the world has been expanding. Governments through network activities have endeavored to settle the issue of expanding occurrences of gut disease and apportioning assets towards the related activity. The National Bowel Cancer Screening Program in Australia was turned out in 2006 with the point of having screened all the Australians who are somewhere in the range of 50 and 74 years before the year 2020[1]. This program is right now in its third stage has just accomplished over 70% of its focused on populace. The program has anyway encountered a few difficulties and issues along the over 10n years, which have prompted intercessions by the administrative and regional governments[2]. This paper is an examination of the program which targets investigating the program from the viewpoint of the political procedure that prompted its commencement, the advancement made in the most recent decade the program has been running, changes a nd effects of the program to the recognized wellbeing concern. The Background of the Program Inside malignancy has been viewed as one of the main sources of death and bleakness in the Australian populace. Notwithstanding the state or region, all individuals are at moderately high danger of creating inside malignancy because of the nourishments being devoured and the way of life the individuals have adopted[3]. As indicated by the malignancy measurements around the world, Australia has the second-most elevated entrail disease occurrence internationally. The neighborhood measurements have additionally shown that in excess of 16,000 individuals in Australia are found to have gut malignant growth every year, and over 93% of them are over the age of 50 years[4]. Among the Australian, one in each 19 men and 1 in each 30 ladies have the likelihood to get gut malignancy after they are 50 years. These measurements show that Australian degrees of government must guarantee that the ailment is controlled from beginning times. Albeit 90% of the entrail disease cases can be effectively tr eated whenever analyzed in great time, in 2003, 80 Australians passed on consistently because of gut malignant growth related complications[5]. This is because of the absence of administrative activity in wellbeing promotion[6]. The program was in this manner set up to concentrate straightforwardly on the sound populace and keep them from being a piece of the negative measurements. The unmistakable objective of the program is to screen all Australians over the age of 50 years constantly 2020. This will guarantee that instances of entrail malignant growth are identified early enough to permit rapid treatment and recovery[7]. It is normal that with full usage, the program can set aside to 500 lives every year. As per specialists, it is profoundly workable for an infection like entrail disease to create and advance inside the body of an individual without having any physical signs or side effects. This implies the infection frequently is analyzed during its late stages if the individual is to depend on physical manifestations or cautioning signs[8]. This has legitimized the requirement for a screening program for entrail disease and furthermore different kinds of malignancy. Analytic screening for entrail malignant growth, as is done in this program involves catching individuals who are inside the powerless and helpless populace however have no indications of the illness. This follows a complete and broad wellbeing training to illuminate and instruct the individuals on the wellbeing advancement program. The aim of the screening is to search for polyps or hints of malignancy cells inside the people fecal material. The screening procedure utilizes a test that distinguishes even the littlest h ints of blood in the entrail movement. This test, Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) can be led in ones home. Blood follows indicate peeled guts and might be a sign of conceivable gut disease. The program, thusly, has a goal to build the quantity of individuals who have inside disease identified and treated early. The Policy Process for the inception of the Program The Australian report on inside malignancy in the mid twenty-first century set off the open worry for the ailment. Constantly 2002, partners in general wellbeing had just shown their interests for the expanded rate of the illness just as the swelling infection trouble identified with inside diseases. This prompted the start of broad research on the issue with look into proof from different territories demonstrating the heaviness of the issue from the point of view of the network. The exploration proof likewise set off the open backing and activism that prompted the readiness of the underlying strategy archive planned for proposing an across the nation screening program. This activity was generally welcomed by the strategy producers and partners in the human services industry and the principal program was started. This program was pilot-tried in 2003[9]. The program, organized into three stages realized an understanding between the Australian Government and the states and domain governments in the usage and activity of the screening program[10]. The Victorian Department of Health and Human Services was offered the obligation to execute the program in Victoria as different offices in every one of the remainder of the states embraced their responsibilities[11]. This empowered a total turn over of the program in the entire nation and furthermore made it simple to screen the program from the neighborhood levels. Be that as it may, there was a national program advisory group that gets reports from every single other partner and takes fitting activities to guarantee the program stays on course[12]. The national advisory group has likewise been entrusted with the duty to assemble networks, train the parental figures and screening experts just as activating and allotting vital assets. These assets are all in all gave by the national, state and regional government through the joined exertion activity. In extra to the legislatures, the program likewise invites different partners including non-administrative associations and individual residents who feel that they can give to the course. The connection to the gift and pledge drives are accessible on the program's site. Presently, the budgetary allotment to the program represents up to 55% of the yearly consumption of the program while the rest originates from different partners and global benefactors. The principal period of the venture started in August 2007 and ran until 30th June 2008. This was the introduction stage which additionally set the ground for additional commitment. The objective ages for the task were fifty-five and 65 years. Stage 2 was led between first July 2008 and 30th June 2013 was somewhat longer than the primary stage and the qualified ages were 50, 55 and 65 years. It is during this time the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program subsidizing was initiated as the program began to take roots and bear natural products. The program is presently in its third stage which began in July 2013 and expected to run until 2020. It is normal that by at that point, over for million Australians will have been welcome to the program each year and more than 500 lives spared following early recognition of the sickness and ensuing treatment[13]. The Impacts of the Program The program has been adequately decreased the frequency of entrail malignant growth in the nation. The program offers free entrail disease screening to all the individuals who are qualified, in light of their age and relative dangers. The constructive consequences of this program have been the presentation of locally established testing packs that are benefited to all the qualified people. This has expanded the capacity and readiness of the individuals to direct their tests at home and possibly go to the specialist if the aftereffects of the home test are positive[14]. On such events, the specialist alludes the individual for more profound examinations. This involves colonoscopy where proper and exhaustive clinical appraisal. The program, along these lines, offers auspicious access to finding and treatment which at that point improve the probability of the full treatment. The other advantage is that all Participants paying little heed to the result of the home-test are furnished with open doors for follow-up[15]. Follow-up permits the specialists to assess changes in the people wellbeing and their reaction to treatment. The members, consequently, become some portion of the program from their entrance and for the remainder of their lives, guaranteeing contact with human services experts for request about their wellbeing concerns even inconsequential to gut cancer[16]. The program has anyway endured a few difficulties since its beginning. To begin with, there has been a profound worry for the accessibility of assets that are vital for the program. As prior noticed, the budgetary allotment for the task represents simply above a large portion of the yearly consumption of the undertaking. The ramifications of this is the other half must be given. Gifts rely to a great extent upon the worldwide financial condition. Following the 2008-2009 budgetary emergency, the program endured a significant misfortune particularly in the second piece of Phase two. This required an expansion in the budgetary distribution into the program yet at the same time didn't permit the program to completely meet its goals. The second test which has prompted obstructions to execution is the open consciousness of the presence of the undertaking. As per an audit report distributed after the main stage just about 23% of the individuals inside the objective, ages approached data on the program. This implied the program couldn't meet its focused on individuals except if a mindfulness creation program was started. This additionally required assignment of more assets to general wellbeing instruction and advancement that was led in all the domains and particularly in the rustic zones. It has likewise been accounted for that to date, the ease of use of the home-testing units is as yet not satisfactory to numerous people[17]. There are instances of bombed tests and bogus positive tests that have been accounted for which regularly

Robotic Surgery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Automated Surgery - Research Paper Example medicate organization for use in both pediatric and grown-up automated medical procedure methods in territories, for example, thoracoscopically-assited cardiotomy systems, general non-cardiovuscular thoracosopic medical procedures, general laparoscopic medical procedures and urological medical procedures (Lowes, 2014). The first governmentally endorsed mechanical medical procedure was performed at a Virginia emergency clinic, a day after the nourishment and medication organization controllers affirmed the strategy. The endorsement of the first automated medical procedure empowered the specialists to dispose of the nerve bladder and lead some different methods through usage of a laparoscope, which is a cylinder that in brought into the stomach area through extremely minor entry points. Toward the finish of the cylinders are smaller than expected cameras and careful instruments that license specialists to perform techniques in the wake of peering into the body. The AESOP framework was endorsed in 1990 followed by the endorsement of da Vinci Surgery System in 2000. The endorsement of da Vinci careful frameworks, an automated framework, by the Food and medication organization empowered specialists to utilize foot pedals on a reassure and hand holds to control three mechanical arms that really plays out the laparoscopic medical procedure through usage of an assortment of apparatuses. The endorsement depended on an audit of clinical investigations of adequacy and wellbeing presented by the producers and on the suggestion of the plastic and general careful gadgets board of the Food and medication administration’s clinical gadgets warning advisory group. The nourishment and medications organization concentrated on different issues before endorsing the use of the automated innovation in medical procedure. A portion of the impediments looked by the mechanical medical procedure in acquiring the endorsement of the FDAs included demonstrating that the innovation had a bigger number of points of interest than when contrasted with different types of medical procedure. Different deterrents involved guaranteeing that enough preparing was directed to a portion of the doctors. Prior to endorsing the innovation, the organization that created the da Vinci framework needed to support adequate testing

Irony and the Brutality of War in A Farewell to Arms - Literature Essay Samples

In 1929, Ernest Hemingway wrote A Farewell to Arms. During this era, there were many books centered on the Great War. Percy Hutchinson, a contemporary writer for the New York Times, predicted that Hemingway’s book â€Å"[†¦] is to be given classification, [it] belongs to the rapidly crowding shelf of war novels.†Ã‚  While many other authors, however, focused on the bravery and sacrifices of war, Hemingway wrote his novel from a different perspective. Hemingway broke away from the norm and instead used literary forms to shed light on different aspects of war. Hemingway’s use of irony in  A Farewell to Arms  gives valuable insight into the reality of war, from the perspective of an apathetic soldier. Frederic Henry, the main character in Hemingway’s story, is an enigma. His dialogue and actions are constantly contradicting each other, and he frequently finds himself in surprising situations. For example, Henry seems to give little thought to the Ita lian army or even the war itself. He carries himself nonchalantly, yet he volunteered to be in his current situation. The audience would expect a volunteer to be zealous and dedicated, but it appears that Henry is only there for the booze and women. This contradiction is even more unusual when one considers his role in the army. Henry was an officer in the ambulance corps. He was responsible for those injured and wounded on the battlefield. More than this obvious role, ambulances played a greater charge in the war. Moss and Wilson clarify: â€Å"The immediate and effective evacuation of the wounded not only avoided the permanent loss of many soldiers’ battlefield services, but also helped the morale of those who remained fighting.† More than a medical taxi service, the ambulances served as a beacon of hope and faith for the men on the front lines. Henry obviously had an important part in the war, but still seemed uncaring about the events around him. Henry and Cather ine enter into a relationship, and at one point in the novel, Catherine gives Henry a St. Anthony medal to protect him while he is on the battlefield. Not long after, Henry is injured while in the trenches. Regardless of Catherine’s attempts to keep Henry safe, he is nonetheless injured. Even in the midst of this debilitating injury, however, Henry still cannot seem to take the situation seriously. He jokes with his doctors about amputating his leg so that it can be replaced with a hook. Ordinarily, people react to near death experiences with a somber and earnest attitude. Henry’s attitude is the complete opposite of what the audience would expect in this kind of situation. Dodman speculates that there is more to Henry’s manner than indifference. He writes that, â€Å"His perceptions of his wounding experience emphasize the passivity and helplessness of his situation.† It is probable that Henry’s attitude was a mental defense mechanism against the horrors of his current environment. His apathy was not just created in order to contrast the seriousness of the world around him. After becoming involved with Catherine, Henry is all too eager to escape the war he volunteered for. This change of heart initially seems extreme – after all, he fought in the war by choice, not because of a draft. As demonstrated, however, Henry had no real, personal stake in the war, regardless of the important role he played. He and Catherine exhibited some semblance of guilt and responsibility, but brushed off their feelings of remorse. They excused their abandonment by rationalizing that it was only the Italian army. Their blasà © demeanor, however, does not settle well with the audience, giving the impression that there is more than what meets the eye. In her article, Heather Lansdown speculates, â€Å"Henry’s need to escape the cruel reality of the war in A Farewell to Arms also depicts his need to escape the cruel reality of life. † There is truth to this insight. After Henry’s knee was injured, he discovered what it would be like, being with Catherine, without the backdrop of the war. It is entirely plausible that after this small taste of â€Å"what if†, Henry looked for any excuse to take him away from the war. By escaping the war, he also escaped the sight of bloodied and injured soldiers. Catherine escaped the memories of her fiancà © dying. By understating Henry and Catherine’s reactions to abandoning the war, Hemingway emphasizes the grand impact of their action. Hemingway is known for his distinct style. Cynthia Giles writes, â€Å"He always stressed the importance of providing ‘facts’ and allowing the readers to fill in the emotions. By selecting just the right facts and then presenting them with apparent objectivity, Hemingway’s narrators often frame events to create a camera-like effect.† The â€Å"Hemingway Effect† in A Farewell to Arm s is apparent in some of the ironic situations Henry finds himself in. Early in the story, Henry promises Fergy that he will not get Catherine into trouble. By the end of the novel, however, they abandoned the war, lied to policemen in order to enter Switzerland, had a child out of wedlock, and Catherine died. Henry may have fully intended to keep Catherine out of trouble, but once again, a series of events occurred and Henry contradicted what was expected to happen. Regardless of good intentions, Henry was unable to keep his promise because of the world around them. If not for the war, the couple could have married and lived happily, without having to worry for their lives. Hemingway uses small instances such as this to illustrate the magnitude of the Great War and the power it has over Catherine, Henry, and their lives. The brutality of war is also demonstrated during the time Henry is recovering from his leg surgery. It is at this point in time that Henry and Catherine’s mutual interest blooms into an abounding relationship. As previously stated, the couple got to be together without worrying about the war around them. This is the only time in the novel that Catherine and Henry get to be together, without overwhelming complications. While they are enjoying their bliss, however, the war raged on and grew in intensity. By the time Henry returns to the front, the Italian army is much weaker and the future is murkier. Ramos concludes, â€Å"In Book Three, Henry goes back to the front and understands his place in the war. He saw the true vision of the war, and he becomes sick of it and finished with fighting for a nation that is not even his own; Henry is well content to make his ‘farewell to arms’ and to desert his post in the Italian army.† No longer is the Great War just a backdrop to the novel; the war becomes a character and force in itself, opposing Frederic Henry’s resolve to leave. The irony in this section intensifies because Henry comes closest to death after he has decided to leave the war for Catherine and Switzerland. The final source of irony in A Farewell to Arms lies within the birth of Henry and Catherine’s child. The couple, who overcame so much, were finally happy and safe. However, a complicated labor and delivery leaves Henry with a stillborn son and Catherine dead. The day his son was born should have been the happiest day of his life. Instead, it was filled with more pain and anguish than he ever could have imagined. As A.E. Sundstrom so eloquently phrased it, â€Å"While the two survived the war and escaped the country, it was the birth of a child – an occasion that should bring joy – that ended their love.† The ultimately irony of Catherine and Henry’s love is that in the end, it died, just as Catherine did in that hospital bed. Despite everything that the pair went through, it was meaningless in the end. Hemingway never sought to romanticize the Great War or imply that each of his characters would receive a happy ending. By the end of the book, Henry seems to be surrounded by a war that will never leave him. He changed from being a carefree army officer to a broken man. He has no honor because he deserted the army. He no longer has Catherine’s love because she died. The war was the cruelest character in the story; it brought Henry and Catherine together, and yet destroyed them in the end. The ending of the narrative causes the audience to wonder whether or not Henry would have been better off not joining the Italian army in the first place. Whether the pain and suffering of the war had been worth it for a few moments of beautiful bliss and happiness. In this daunting conjecture, however, the reader comes to the realization that this was Ernest Hemingway’s intention from the beginning. Experiences and tragedies are not something that can be run away from. They stay with us, and they leave a lasting mark on us. The ending also has something to say about the specific nature of the Great War. Even those who didn’t care about the war suffered in indescribable ways. The war was far reaching in the emotional and physical damage it caused. While so many of Hemingway’s contemporaries wrote about the glory and honor of the Great War, Hemingway painted the war as it really was – a heart-breaking force that permanently scarred all involved. A Farewell to Arms.  Literature and Its Times:  Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. Joyce Moss and George Wilson. Vol. 3: Growth of Empires to the Great Depression (1890-1930s). Detroit: Gale, 1997. 112-118.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 June 2014.Dodman, Trevor. Going all to pieces: A Farewell to Arms as trauma narrative.  Twentieth Century Literature  52.3 (2006): 249+.Literature Resource Center. Web. 14 June 2014.Hemingway, Ernest, and Cynthia Giles. A Farewell to Arm s.  The Literature of War. Ed. Thomas Riggs. Vol. 3: Impacts. Detroit: St. James Press, 2012. 134-137.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 June 2014.Hutchison, Percy. Love and War in the Pages of Mr. Hemingway. Rev. of  A Farewell to Arms.  The New York Times  29 Sept. 1929: n. pag. Print.Ramos. Literature.HTML.  Literature.HTML. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 June 2014. .Sundstrom, AE. Themes and Symbols.  A Farewell to Arms RSS. The WordPress Experts, 31 May 2008. Web. 13 June 2014.Warasworld.  Warasworld. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 June 2014. .

Education Effect on Fishermen Welfare/Prosperity - 1375 Words

Education Effect on Fishermen Welfare/Prosperity (Essay Sample) Content: Education and the welfare of fishermenNameInstitutionEducation and the welfare of fishermenIntroductionFish constitute 20 percent of animal protein consumed by human beings in the world; more than 40 percent of the global production is consumed internationally (Eggert, et al., 2012). It is also noted that the net export of fisheries in the developing world has increased in the 21st century; for instance, the net export increased by $ 24.6 billion in year 2006 (Eggert, et al., 2012). Fish export, therefore, exceeds other agricultural products that are traded internally such as tea, coffee and rubber (Eggert, et al., 2012). Most of the fishing grounds such as Lake Victoria, and coastal waters, for instance, the Indian Ocean, are open access that enables anyone with enough capital to venture into the business. The majority of fishermen are peasants who envisioned fishing as the sole source of income; however, the output realized from the business cannot improve the livin g standards of their homes (Hidayat, et al., 2014). The welfare of the fishermen continues to deteriorate despite the positive changes that have been noted in the industry. Poverty in the fishing community is attributed to several factors such as trade liberalization, the expanding number of fishermen due to the high level of unemployment rates in the third world countries, and disparity in the education. According to Maddox (2007), the fishing communities, like any other rural communities have low levels of literacy and education compared to their urban counterparts. This paper examines how education affects the welfare of fishermen.The majority of fishermen envision fishing as a traditional small-scale business venture where little investment is made while expecting high returns. However, little investment will attract less return to the capital invested. Since fishing attract the population that lives adjacent to the waters, the young fishermen in the developing countries, such a s South Africa, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Thailand, are likely to adopt fishing methods used by their old family members if they do not have enough education to adapt on the changing circumstances (Eggert, et al., 2012). The traditional small-scale fishing that is practiced in many developing countries employs the traditional fishing methods that have a limited catch whose income cannot correspond to the family needs. According to Hidayat and others (2014), there is about 23.1 percent of fishermen whose income is below the minimum wage of the country; for instance in Bangladesh. Lack of education by some of the fishermen has a direct impact on their income that limits their access to investment opportunities, hence, attracting the vicious cycle of poverty that leads to lower level of living standards. There are changes in the fishing industry that demand the upgrading of the fishing methods to realize high returns. For instance, trade liberalization that has seen the price of fish b eing controlled at the international markets; introduction of technology in fishing and an influx of fishermen in the industry due to lack of employment opportunities in other fields, have changed the landscape of fishing that render the traditional styles obsolete and unproductive. Hence, the educated fishermen can invest enough capital in fishing, making them realize high returns. The successful fishermen can capitalize on the technology in fishing; this ensures that there is little input and high out in fishing. The welfare of the educated fishermen, therefore, improves despite changes that occur in the industry since they can easily adapt to the dynamics that occur in it.The lack of education leads to fishermen in developing countries unable to balance other economic activities with fishing to boost the income of the family (Darwis, et al., 2015). According to Hidayat and others (2014), lands that border fishing waters are fertile capable of attracting other agricultural activit ies such as crop cultivation and rearing of livestock. In this case, it requires a substantive knowledge in agriculture to realize good returns in all the ventures. In the developing world such as Tanzania, women and children are involved in the crop production, animal-keeping, and marketing of fish to supplement the income of the household fishermen (Bambang, 2005). However, since little capital is invested, the total income realized can only support the welfare of the family without expanding the source of income. There is a lack of specialization of income activities in fishing communities that contribute their poor state. According to Darwis and others (2015), "a household perpetuate life and livelihood rests on livelihood assets owned or accessible." It requires education to manage natural resource capital assets. According to the study conducted by Darwis and others (2013-2015), fishermen who utilized their lands on crop plantations were more likely to get out of poverty trap compared to those who planted crops and kept livestock at the same time. This, according to them, is a short orientation and subsistent. Hence, the nature of management of natural resources available at the disposal of the fisherman will determine whether he/she remains in poverty or not.Education is an asset for ownership and proper management of financial capital asset (Maddox 2007). Studies reveal that, the income of fishermen who are trapped in poverty is the same as the revenues realized by fishermen moving out of the vicious cycle of poverty. According to Darwis and others (2015), fishermen trapped in poverty generate more income from fishing and little income from other businesses such as farming. However, although the successful fishermen have small income from fishing, the revenues generated from crop plantation exceed that of a subsistent farmer. The difference comes in spending; the revenues of the poor fisherman are trapped in the household spending; he/she tends to inv est the cash on the basic needs of the family and material goods that cannot expand his/her source of income. The successful fisherman anticipates savings by investing in the direct investment in the assets. Education makes a difference by proving knowledge on how the fisherman can manage the revenues to get out of the poverty; in this case, the issue is not about low income, but rather, it is about financial management and making proper investment.There is need for the fishermen to have skills necessary in managing the social capital. According to Darwis and other (2015), the social and economic relations between the fishermen in poverty and the fish dealers, is lacking. There is a passive connection between the fishing groups, social groups, and the household that contributes to poverty among the fishermen. Research demonstrates that fishermen who demonstrate an active connection between them and the fish dealers, fishing groups and social groups, are moving out of poverty ties co mpared to the fishermen who are passive (Darwis, et al., 2015). Being passive creates an opportunity for exploitation where the subject is presumed to be comfortable on any decisions that are made by the other party on the subject. Education enables the fishermen to understand the repercussions of their passiveness and work towards improving their social capital, hence getting out of the poverty ties.The knowledge of owning and managing the physical capital asset for fishing is not available to the poor fishermen (Darwis, et al., 2015). Having the means of production does not necessary imply that high returns will always be realized; according to Darwis and others (2015), the standards at which the physical capital is subjected will be reflected on the output it gives and duration of its service. The fishermen who are poor cannot invest their scarce budgeted revenue in the maintenance of their boat engines and other inputs used in fishing, provided they can still function. This redu ces the efficiency of their performance and lifespan that is likely to affect the service output they provide to the fisherman; hence, low returns and lack of funds to repair the physical capital, are likely to hold them in poverty. Research indicates that proper management of physical capital has the potential of giving more returns to the fisherman and reduces their early depreciation, hence compelling the fisherman to move out of the poverty (Darwis, et al. 2015). Education enables the fisherman to subject the physical capital to proper usage and maintenance; this avoids the unnecessary expenses that can negatively affect the normal fishing patterns, and hence, income flow. For instance, the economic life of the fishing boat, the total hours of fishing, and the tonnage of fish that can be supported by the fishing equipment, are important tenets to be observed when using the physical capital (Darwis, et al., 2015).How education can improve the welfare of fishermen.The proper educa tion that targets the welfare of the fishing community is significant in making the connection between work, and the everyday encounters of the fisherm...

Research Paper Malcolm X Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1949 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/25 Category History Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Malcolm X Essay Martin Luther King Essay Did you like this example? Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are two of the most well-known advocates for black equality that the country has ever seen. The two fought for equality at a time when black Americans were treated with no respect or dignity and had little to no rights at all. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research Paper: Malcolm X Dr. Martin Luther King Jr." essay for you Create order While the two men were massive proponents for the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement, each movement differed in it ways to achieve equality. Martin Luther King Jr. preached nonviolence while Malcolm X stood for the exact opposite he wanted black Americans to stand up for themselves. While both men stood by different ideologies both had a huge impact in the fight for equality. Martin Luther King Jr began his leadership at a young age of 25 years old, when he led the Montgomery bus boycott. the Montgomery movement emphasized nonviolence as a guiding credo of moral courage (Franklin Higginbotham 2011, pg. 514). King and his activists at Montgomery formed the new civil rights movement which looked to end segregation and seek racial harmony. The organization drew inspiration from black culture and religious faith with the church becoming a focal point to help strengthen and empower them in order to prevail over their oppressors. The Civil Rights Movement was centered around Kings ideology of nonviolence in the hopes it would win over the rest of America. Martin Luther King however did not start by believing in nonviolence as his ideologies grew over time. King at the age of five began his early resentment of whites when the father of his white friend told young Martin that his son could no longer play with him because he was colored (Cone 2001). In his early years he was taught to hate whites at church and at home. His philosophies began to change with better influences of religion, personal experiences, and education. Dr. King attended graduate school in which he met liberal whites as teachers and fellow students; he also encountered progressive theological and philosophical ideas that reinforced his beliefs about justice and love, integration and the beloved community (Cone 2001). None of these influences were as strong though as the faith of his parents and of his black church. What made King such a great leader and what helped start the Civil Rights Movement was that his personal experiences and journeys though life all accumulated to his ideology of nonviolence. He began as someone who disliked the whites but grew to accept them and realize we could live in peace, thats what allowed King to be such a great impactful leader. More individuals could get behind King because his message was inclusive. He spoke always of love, without b oundary of race, class, or nation. His audience, from wherever it came, could feel included (Huggins 1987). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. continued his peaceful protests from Montgomery and the Bus Boycott to Birmingham Alabama. On Good Friday, April 12th Dr. King was arrested in Birmingham and this arrest spawned the famous Letter from Birmingham Jail in which Dr. King famously stated, injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere (Franklin Higginbotham 2011, pg. 523). Dr. King anywhere he went faced constant violence from his hotel rooms constantly being bombed and relatives of Dr. King facing the same treatment. Dr. King was resilient however in his ideals and remained a nonviolent advocator through and through. Dr. King said it himself the best in that he is determined to use the weapon of love (MLK vs. Malcolm X 2008). A key factor that allowed the Civil Rights Movement and its nonviolent actions to be more supported across the United States was that the press began to cover Dr. Kings protests and marches in which photographs and television coverage allowed all of America to witn ess the peaceful non-violent protests and how they were being harassed and beaten in public. This became a huge deal for the Civil Rights Movement as it began to win the hearts of everyday American citizens who may have been skeptical of the movement. The culmination of video and newspaper coverage along with nonviolent peaceful protests and a powerful well-spoken leader like Dr. King was the reason why the Civil Rights Movement was successful. Without Dr. King and his ideologies America may look and feel like a different country still today. In saying this though I believe Malcolm X and his self-defense ideas were ahead of his time and in todays day and age I feel his ideology is more practical with all the senseless violence still being committed to black Americans. Malcolm X in 1948 sent a form letter to Elijah Muhammad of the Nation of Islam seeking to join this religious sect. At that juncture, membership was relatively small, and the Nations fiery anti-white rhetoric had failed to strike much of a chord (Horne 1993). Malcolm X began his rise starting as a minister for the Nation of Islams Mosque No. 7 in 1954 in Harlem. Malcolm X and the Black Muslims grew exponentially into the 1960s due to the electrifying presence of NOI minister Malcolm X (Franklin Higginbotham 2011, pg. 551). Malcolm was a huge public opponent to the Civil Rights Movement and spoke more on black pride and black manhood. Malcolm was a big proponent of militant self-defense (Horne 1993). Malcolm argued that nonviolence was more dangerous and unmanly. He saw black Americans go fight in the Korean War willing and ready to die for their country and could not believe that when they returned home of their refusal to fight for their freedom and instead take the nonviolent appr oach. His message was the exact opposite of Dr. Kings. Two sides working for their same goal yet enemies at the same time. By the late 1960s Malcolm X and his ideologies had spread rapidly and an armed revolution began to take hold. His philosophy on being able to protect ones self and women and children from white Americans had taken root. Malcolm X was the epitome of Black Power and he was able to internationalize the African American freedom struggle (Franklin Higginbotham 2011, pg. 554). A common misconception regarding Malcolm X is the notion around violence however. Many people including myself before I began researching this topic would believe that Malcolm X advocated for violence in his movement, when in reality it was him advocating for self-defense. Malcolm had pointed out the hypocrisy in how white Americans wanted black Americans to obtain their freedom when white Americans fought a war to win theirs. Malcolm could not stand for this inequality and thus strongly urged black Americans to act in self-defense. Malcolm stated that if you want to know what Ill do, figure out what youll do. Ill do the same thing-only more of it. He contended that blacks should use any means necessary to get their freedom and whites should be prepared for reciprocal bleeding (Cone 2001). Malcolm was painted in the face of the media however as a preacher of hate and violence (Cone 2001), his message was skewed and used against his movement and his character was slandered. He argued that white Americans would never adopt Dr. Kings ideology of nonviolence and that they more closely adhered to his own, yet black Americans were seen as the only race on Earth that has no right to defend itself and thus Dr. Kings strategy was seen as less threatening and more popular. It deplored Malcolm seeing black women, children and men who could not defend themselves being beaten and harassed in the streets by the police, dogs, and white Americans. He argued that if the government does not protect black people, they are within their right to protect themselves (Cone 2001). Malcolm X was a strong outspoken leader who wanted nothing more than to see his black brethren finally free and equal and able to live in peace. Malcolm Xs strong personality and unwilling to change his philosophy wa s why he was such a strong leader and voice for the Black Power Movement. He preached for black strength and courage and his message still stands today. Malcolm X was the face of black power and he was able to spread his message internationally which helped the movement grow and soar. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X stood on opposite sides of a movement all wanting the same outcome. While the two revolutionaries differed on their approach for achieving black equality they both in the end wanted peace for black Americans and equality for black Americans. While they differed in ideologies they were very similar through other aspects. Both gentlemen were very outspoken leaders of a movement and neither were afraid of standing up for what they believe in. Both men preached and proclaimed truths in which everyone could learn from. Non-violence at its core helps to make the world a better place yet if not, all adhere to it is when problems arise. Malcolm a strong advocate for self-defense argued that why is it not okay for black Americans to defend themselves from violence while their white counterparts could do with ease. His message was arguably ahead of its time and the message was powerful and true which ultimately led to his death. Many people see the polar opposites in the two powerful figures, but little know that towards the end of their lives they each began to accept the other ideals whether it was said publicly or not. In 1965 Malcolm X traveled to Selma Alabama to meet with Dr. King, Malcolm began to believe that King believed in what he was doing (Blake 2010). It was believed that Malcolm X may have been willing to join the civil rights cause (Blake 2010). However, this never had the chance of happening as Malcolm X was shot and killed before he had the chance. Like Malcolm, Dr. King toward the later years of his life began to shift his ideals and King became more radical as Malcolm became more reserved. Martin began moving his movement up north and with this started speaking out against poverty and voiced issue over a guaranteed annual income for American citizens, he spoke out against the Vietnam war and wanted society to be restructured (Blake 2010). His closest movement toward Malcolms ideals when h e began to preach about black self-pride and was photographed in a Black is Beautiful button and even before his death a journalist named David Halberstam stated that Martin Luther King sounded like a nonviolent Malcolm X (Blake 2010). By the times of both mens deaths former supporters had abandoned them and both died at the age of 39. While the two men differed in their ideals each ideology was perfect for the movement they created, the nonviolent civil rights movement had an articulate charismatic leader who inspired the general public of the country and the black power movement had a fearless leader who refused to back down or speak his mind about how he felt. Each man were perfect for their roles in helping to change and shift America in a direction for the better and while they may have taken different paths to do it they still accomplished a common goal. Works Cited Blake, John. Malcolm and Martin, Closer than We Ever Thought. CNN, Cable News Network, 19 May 2010, www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/05/19/Malcolmx.king/index.html. Cone, James H. Martin and Malcolm on Nonviolence and Violence. Phylon (1960-), vol. 49, no. 3/4, 2001, p. 173., doi:10.2307/3132627. Franklin, John Hope., and Evelyn Brooks. Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom: a History of African Americans. McGraw-Hill, 2011. Horne, Gerald. Myth and the Making of Malcolm X. The American Historical Review, vol. 98, no. 2, 1993, p. 440., doi:10.2307/2166843. Huggins, Nathan Irvin. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Charisma and Leadership. The Journal of American History, vol. 74, no. 2, 1987, p. 477., doi:10.2307/1900035. MLK vs. Malcolm X. YouTube, YouTube, 6 Mar. 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kG_NqsBzKhE.

Did You Know - Fun Chemistry Facts

Did you know? Here are some fun, interesting and sometimes weird chemistry facts. Did you know ... you cant taste food without saliva?Did you know ... its possible to get sick or even die from drinking too much water?Did you know ... liquid oxygen is blue?Did you know ... fish scales are a common lipstick ingredient?Did you know ... some lipstick contains lead acetate or sugar of lead? This toxic lead compound makes the lipstick taste sweet.Did you know ... the average shot of espresso contains less caffeine than a typical cup of coffee?Did you know ... Coca-Cola originally contained cocaine?Did you know ... lemons contain more sugar than strawberries, for the same mass?Did you know ... lobster blood is colorless until it is exposed to air? Then the blood appears blue.Did you know ... goldfish eyes perceive not only the visible spectrum but also infrared and ultraviolet light?Did you know ... when you freeze saltwater or seawater slowly, you get fresh water ice? Icebergs are fresh water, too, although that is because they come from glaciers, which are made from fr esh water (snow.)Did you know ... if you exposed a glass of water to space, it would boil rather than freeze? However, the water vapor would crystallize into ice afterward.Did you know ... a fresh egg will sink in fresh water? A stale egg will float.Did you know ... the wallpaper in Napoleons room was dyed with Scheele’s Green, which contains copper arsenide? In 1893 the Italian biochemist Bartolomeo Gosio found that dampening wallpaper containing Scheele’s Green allowed a specific mold to convert the copper arsenide into poisonous arsenic vapor. Although this may not have been the cause of Napoleons death, it certainly cant have helped his health.Did you know ... sound travels 4.3 times faster in water than in air? Of course, it doesnt travel through a vacuum at all.Did you know ... about 78% of the average human brain consists of water?Did you know ... macadamia nuts are toxic to dogs?Did you know ... a lightning strike can reach a temperature of 30,000 degrees Celsi us or 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit?Did you know ... fire typically spreads uphill more quickly than downhill? This is because temperature affects the rate of combustion. The region above a fire tends to be much hotter than the area below it, plus it may have a better supply of fresh air.Did you know ... frogs dont need to drink water since they can absorb it through their skin? Humans, on the other hand, have waterproofing proteins in their skin to help prevent water loss.Did you know ... the hardest chemical in your body is your tooth enamel?Did you know ... urine fluoresces or glows under ultraviolet light?Did you know ... pearls, bones, and teeth will dissolve in vinegar, which contains weak acetic acid?Did you know ... the chemical name for water is dihydrogen monoxide?Did you know ... you can extend the life of rubber bands by storing them in the refrigerator?Did you know ... the ethylene gas produced by a ripening apple ripens other apples as well as many other types of produce?D id you know ... water expands about 9% when it freezes into ice?Did you know ... Mars is red because its surface contains a lot of iron oxide or rust?Did you know ... youve lost about 1% of your bodys water by the time you feel thirsty?Did you know ... you have chemoreceptors or taste buds on the inside of your cheek as well as on your tongue?Did you know ... its possible for hot water to freeze more quickly than cold water?

Faverty V Mcdonald’s Restaurants of Oregon, Inc. and...

Faverty v McDonald’s Restaurants of Oregon, Inc. 892 P.2D 703 (CT. APP. OR. 1995) Facts: Matt Theurer was an 18 year old adult that worked at McDonald’s part time. His friends and family worried about him because he had many extra-curricular activities, worked for the National Guard, and worked for McDonalds. McDonald’s informal policy did not allow high school students to work more than one midnight shift per week or split shifts. There was a special clean-up week McDonald’s held, Theurer worked five nights. One night he worked until midnight, another until 11:30pm, two nights until 9pm, and another until 11pm. On Monday, April 4th, 1988, Theurer worked from 3:30 until 7:30pm, followed by the clean up shift beginning at midnight†¦show more content†¦The defendant did not owe any special responsibility to him because he also attended high school. Since he was a student working part time and was over-exhausted is no import to the defendant’s liability. Theurer volunteered to work the clean up shift. McDonald’s did not require Theurer to work on April 5th. Theurer was never asked to be relieved from working the shift either before it started, or during it, and there is not enough evidence that McDonald’s refused the request. Finally, Theurer was not on McDonald’s property and Theurer was on his own time when he drove home from work. 1. Since Theurer volunteered to work the all-night shift, the dissenting opinion was against Faverty’s suit against McDonald’s. The dissenting opinion did not agree with the jury’s finding for Mr. Faverty. 2. The restaurant association would have an interest in this case because restaurants would not want to have to go through with the legal issues in this case, and restaurants would want to avoid any lawsuits if at all possible. 3. Mr. Theurer did not act within the scope of his employment, as per McDonald’s informal policy. Theurer did work more than one midnight shift per week, and he did work split shifts. 4. McDo nald’s was liable for Mr. Faverty as per the jury’s decision. McDonald’s knew or had reason to know the number of hours Theurer had been working. It had a limit on working

Feminism And Women s Suffrage Essay - 1360 Words

Feminism is a critique of patriarchy, on the one hand, and an ideology committed to women’s emancipation on the other. The feminist movement can be see mainly in 3 stages in the UK. It can be argued that feminism had its day due to lack of momentum behind a third and fourth stage of its movement resulting in a decline of feminism in this generation. In this essay, I will be focusing more attention on the first and second waves of feminism compared to third stage of feminism. The first wave of feminism in the UK was linked to women’s suffrage. Due to the male dominated society in the 1900s, opponents feared that if women had a political voice then the traditional relationship between men and women in the family and the workplace would come under threat. This meant that the women’s suffrage movement had a lot of support because of how women were treated and that they were lacking citizenship rights. After a long period of campaigning, in 1928 the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act allowed women to have the vote on equal terms with men at the age of 21. In addition, woman gained important legal rights too such as: in 1925, the law of Property Act allowed a husband and wife to inherit each other’s property, also granted them equal rights to inherit the property of intestate children , as well as in 1923 the Matrimonial Causes Act enabled women to initiate divorce proceedings on the same grounds as men. The first wave of feminism was important inShow MoreRelatedFinally, Black Feminism Highlights The Unique Experiences1232 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, Black feminism highlights the unique experiences of Black women, but it lies in its commitment to justice, not just for Black women but for that of other similarly oppressed groups. 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They donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t think women can do things for themselves, if we try to be equal or have the same kind of job they discriminate them, because they think men should be in charge and be the leader. Although the campaign for women’s suffrage started before the civil war you can see how long it took them to get what they wanted. With all the other ‘non-equal’ events goingRead MoreThe First Wave Of Women950 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been numerous women throughout history whom have influenced and helped spread change for feminism. The first wave feminists (from the 1800’s to the early 20th century) started numerous organizations to help and support women’s rights and also helped in part of passing legislations that further aid the rights granted to women. Some of the most important first wave feminists include Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul. The second wave feminists (from the mid 20th century to late 20th century)Read MoreFeminism Feminism is the public support for or recommendation of womens rights on the grounds of700 Words   |  3 PagesFeminism Feminism is the public support for or recommendation of womens rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. In a more simple way of stating it, women rights equivalent to those of men. Before suffrage begun, women were strictly to act as women should, or what they were expected to act like. They were expected to take care of the children, cook, and clean. Not only were they supposed to do house work, but they also couldn’t vote or own any property. On AugustRead MoreWomen s Suffrage : The Struggle For The Right Of Women1520 Words   |  7 Pagesand the women femininity establishing a gender order. The women’s suffrage movement is the struggle for the right of women to vote and run for political positions. The rights of women have never been equal to those of men. Throughout American history women have always wanted equality between the two genders, which made women suffrage the most controversial issue dividing early Feminists into ideolog ical lines in the early eighteen centuries. The ratification of women suffrage grant women an increase

Canterbury Tales The Prioress Essay Example For Students

Canterbury Tales The Prioress Essay Canterbury Tales The Prioress The Canterbury Tales The Prioress Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales, written in approximately 1385, is a collection of twenty-four stories ostensibly told by various people who are going on a religious pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral from London, England. Prior to the actual tales, however, Chaucer offers the reader a glimpse of fourteenth century life by way of what he refers to as a General Prologue. In this prologue, Chaucer introduces all of the characters who are involved in this imaginary journey and who will tell the tales. Among the characters included in this introductory section is a Nun, or a Prioress. Throughout Chaucers tale, there are characters which he seems to admire greatly, such as the knight and then there are characters that he makes fun of. The prioress, with her false sense of airs and piousness is one of these. Throughout Chaucers prologue and the prioress tale, we are shown what this so-called religious person is really about. Chaucers initial introduction to the Prioress is as follows: There was also a nun, a prioress, Who, in her smiling, modest was and coy; Her greatest oath was but By Saint Eloy! And she was known as Madam Eglantine. Full well she sang the services divine, (118) At first, one would think that Chaucers description will be as flattering as that of the knight but soon enough we see the total opposite because at first Chaucer describes her as a delicate and well-mannered woman. At table she had been well taught withal, And never from her lips let morsels fall, Nor dipped her fingers deep in sauce, but ate With so much care the food upon her plate That never driblet fell upon her breast. In courtesy she had delight and zest. (127) But soon Chaucers description turns to one of sarcasm because the prioress is pretentious and is trying very hard to look the part of refinement, when it is all clearly superficial. She was at pains to counterfeit the look Of courtliness, and stately manners took, And would be held worthy of reverence. (139) This is especially bad, because nuns are not supposed to act this way. You can clearly tell that although she was brought up in a well-to-do family, there is no connection between how she acts and the religious dedication she is supposed to be showing. The Prioress wore a coral trinket on her arm, had a rosary that was colored in green, and a gold broach which said Amor Vincit Omnia (Love Conquers All), depicting a nun who still had many valuable possessions. Also, the Prioress traveled with another nun and three priests, showing she was respected. Chaucer states that she speaks school-taught French instead of Paris style French. She would like to appear sympathetic and tender and charitably solicitous. That she would weep if she but saw a mouse, Caught in a trap, though it were dead or bled. (144) This appearance will soon change as soon as we hear the tale she tells. The tale she tells is about the murder of a small child at the hands of Jews who loathe the child for singing about the Virgin Mary. In Asia, in a city rich and great There was a Jewry set amid ..st the town, Established by a rich lord of the state For usury and gain of ill renown, Hateful to Christ and those who are His own; (203) The Prioress tells a tale set in an Asian town dominated by Jews. The Christian minority in the town opened a school for their children in this city. .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 , .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .postImageUrl , .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 , .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254:hover , .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254:visited , .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254:active { border:0!important; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254:active , .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254 .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubeff8012f10a154544d02a91e7dc4254:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gothic and Arabic influences Essay Among these children was a widows son, a seven year old who was, even at his young age, was already deeply devoted to his faith. At school he learned a song in Latin called the Alma Redemptoris. The song was meant to praise the Virgin Mary. As he was walking home from school one day singing this song, he provoked the anger of the Jews of the city, whose hearts were possessed by Satan. They hired a murderer who slit the boys throat and threw the body into a cesspool. The widow searched for her missing child, begging the Jews to tell her where her child might be found, but they refused to help. When she found him, although his throat was slit, he began to sing the Alma Redemptoris. The other Christians of the city rushed to the child and carried him to the abbey. The local provost cursed the Jews who knew of this murder and ordered their death by hanging. Before the child was buried, he began to speak. The Virgin Mary had placed a pearl on his tongue that allowed him to speak, despite his fatal wound, but when the pearl was removed he would finally pass on to heaven. The story ends with a lament for the young child and a curse on the Jews who perpetrated this crime. The Prioress Tale shows an overtly religious person centered around Christian principles and a devotion to the Virgin Mary, but within the affection that the Prioress shows for her Christian faith is a disquieting anti-Semitism that will be immediately obvious anybody who reads the tale. The Prioress Tale is full of shallow sentimentalism and vicious bigotry. The child is angelic, at seven years old more devoted to Christian teachings than any of the clergymen throughout the Canterbury Tales. The final moments of the tale in which the Virgin Mary sustains him after his throat is slit are a shameless exploitation meant to engineer false tears. The Prioress extends warmth and sympathy only to the mother and her child, while heaping unabashed vitriol upon the Jews of the city, who are portrayed as nothing less than allies of Satan. The details of the murder are gruesome: the child is murdered for singing the praises of the Virgin Mary and dumped in a pool of excrement. The logical conclusion of this tale is the Prioress curse on the Jews for their actions. The Prioress is a grotesque comic character and the tale conforms to the portrait that Chaucer offers in the General Prologue. Chaucer describes the Prioress as a foolishly sentimental woman who would weep over the death of a small mouse. She can extend her sympathy to small children and other easy targets, but cannot find room for true mercy or compassion. Although it would be a mistake to consider the tale as an overt attack on anti-Semitism, for it would project modern liberal sensibilities into Chaucers work, the tale certainly condemns the Prioress for her cheap emotional responsiveness.

Some people think that women should take part in the military or the police force, but others oppose to this idea. Which one do you agree with free essay sample

As the natural biological differences between women and men, the society has opened a door to push them into the gender-based roles which limit and influence their attitudes and behaviors. Thanks to the worldwide development of the gender-equality, many people hold a belief that women should be allowed to serve and have dominant positions in the police and military forces. Whereas, others oppose this idea since they are afraid that the lack of physical strength and mental discipline will make women become incapable of fulfilling their tasks in the army. Personally, I completely agree that women should receive a chance to take part in this male dominated role and this essay will provide the reasons alongside the examples to support my opinion. Women love their countries and have the rights and responsibilities to protect their nations when the wars break out like men. For example, in the history of Vietnam War, women also fought alongside men as the combatants and do whatever jobs they can to support the armed forces such as mending the wounds, giving comfort and fighting against the foreign enemies. We will write a custom essay sample on Some people think that women should take part in the military or the police force, but others oppose to this idea. Which one do you agree with? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They served as the intelligent agents or village patrol guards as well as learnt to lay traps and use weapons and thus women played a vital part in the struggle and independence victory of Vietnam. Living out the country’s ancient saying â€Å"When war comes, even women have to fight†, women become motivated, passionate and energetic to exert themselves for the sake of their own motherlands. Furthermore, the abilities of women such as management skill, doing the detail-oriented jobs and being flexible in multi-tasking are useful for the police forces. Since the police forces have to deal with multi-jobs such as responding to emergency situations, promoting good community relations, protecting citizens, tracking criminals, monitoring suspicious situations, investigating crimes and recording facts for later reporting , they are required to be professional, well-managed and detail-oriented to fulfill their tasks. In conclusion, contrary to the popular opinion, I believe that women are capable to do the same things as men and thus if they can handle childbirth, they can handle combat. People must comprehend that men and women should be valued equally and therefore, the glass ceiling as well as the unreasonable traditional social customs which lead to inequality should be shattered.

Leadership Theories and Concepts Essay Example

Leadership Theories and Concepts Essay Evolution of leadership theories 1) The Great man Theory (Trait Theories) These were basis of leadership research until 1940’s. The great man theory from Aristoteham philosophy asserts that some people are born to lead whereas others are born to be led. Trait theory(ies) assume that some people have certain characteristics or personality trait that make them better leaders than others. (refer to traits as stipulated by Bass (notes) Behavioral Theories During human relations era, many behavioural and social scientists studying management also studied leadership. Emphasis was on what the leader did – leaders style of leadership (Lewin 1951) and White LippiH (1960) came up with leadership styles: i) Authoritarian ii) Democratic leissez-faire Authoritarian leader is characterized by the following behaviours (refer previous notes also) i) Strong control is maintained over the work group. ii) Others are motivated by coercion. iii) Others are directed with commands. iv) Communication flows downwards. v) Decision making does not involve others. vi) Emphasis is on difference in status (â€Å"I† and â€Å"you†). ii) Criticism is punitive (should be constructive) Productivity is high but creativity, self motivation and autonomy are reduced. Authoritarian leadership is useful in crisis situations and frequently found in large bureaucrasis such as Armed Forces. Democratic leader exhibits the following behaviours * Less control is maintained. * Economic and ego awards are used to motivate. * Others are directed thorough suggestions and guidance. * Communication flows up and down. * Decision making involves others. * Emphasis is on â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I† and â€Å"you†. * Criticism is constructive. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Theories and Concepts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Theories and Concepts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Theories and Concepts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because many people have to be consulted it takes time and therefore frustrating to these who wants modified. Leissez-Fair Leader * Is permissive with little or no control. * Motivate by support when requested by the group or individuals. * Provides little or no direction. * Uses upward and downward communication – members of group. * Places emphasis on the group and does not criticize. * Leissezfare leadership is appropriate when problems are poorly defined and brainstorming is needed to generate alternative solutions. Situational Contingency Leadership Theories: No one leadership style is ideal for every situation Situational Theories: Leaders are product of a given situation. It supports the follower theory which states that people will follow people who they see as means of accomplishing their personal ends. Contingency Theory .The theory urgues that leaders must alter their style in a manner consistent with the aspects of the context Combines traits and situation. People become leaders because of their responsibility and situational factors. * Leader subordinate relationship (a leader/people to lead). The extent to which the leader is liked, trusted and respected by followers. * The task structure, whether jobs are structured and clarified. The position power and degree of influence a leader has over the group e. g. hire or fire, discipline promotes rewards and 1. Blake and Moutonris managerial grid 9 roles of managerial gnd). The managerial grid Five leadership styles are plotted in four quadrants of a two dimensional grid. The grid depi cts various degrees of leader 1. Impoverished – Low concern for both production and people. 2. Authority compliance – high concern for production and low concern for people. . Middle of the road – moderate concern for production and people. 4. Country club – High concern for people and low concern for production. 5. Team – High concern for both production and people. MANAGERIAL GRID 91. 9 Country club9. 9 Team 8 Concern for people 7 6 55. 5 Middle of the road 4 3 2 1 1. 1 Impoverished9. 1 Authority Compliance 0123456789 Concern for production Continuum of leadership behavior Leadership is depicted as occurring along a continuum. It focuses on decision making styles of managers let and continuum – reflects a manager’s centred style. Managers are autocratic and directive and simply makes and announces decisions. At the right end, managers are employee centred. They use a laissez-faire style and permit employees to set their own goals and function within established parameters. NB: No leadership style is appropriate/correct for every management situation. Manager centred leadershipEmployee centred leadership Use of Authority by The manager Area of freedom for employees * incentives. Contemporary Theories of Leadership i) Schein (1970) – Systems Theory. SYSTEM 4 MANAGEMENT Developed by Likert. It is based on the premise that involving employees in decisions about work is central to effective leadership. It has four dimensions based on increasing levels of employee’s involvement. 1. Autocratic leaders – have little trust in employees and exclude them in decision making. 2. Benevolent leaders – Are kind to employees but still do not involve them in decision making. 3. Consultative leaders – Seek employee’s advice about decisions. 4. Participative or democratic leaders – they value employees involvement, team work and team building. They also have high levels of confidence in employees and seek consensus in decision making. Transformational Leadership Burns (1978) suggested that both leaders and followers have the ability to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality. He identified this concept as transformational leadership. He maintained that there are two types of leaders in management. 1. The traditional manager, concerned with the day to day operations was termed as Transactional Leader. 2. The manager who is committed, has a vision and is able to empower others with this vision was termed as Transformational leader. Differences between the two: Transactional LeaderTransformational Leader * Focuses on management tasks. Identifies common values. * Is caretaker (takes care of tasks. Is committed (extra mile). * Uses tradeoffs to meet goals. Inspires others with vision. * Shared values not identified. Has longterm vision. * Examiner causes. Looks at effects. * Uses contingency rewards. Empowers others. Vision is the essence of transformational leadership. Vision implies the ability to picture some future state and describe it to others so they will begin to share the dream. Wolf and colleagues (1994) defined transformational leadership as an interactive relationship based on trust that positively impacts both the leader and the follower. * The purposes of the leader and follower become focused, crating unity, wholeness and collective purpose. Transformational leaders are able to crate change because of their futuristic focus, values, creativity and innovations. * They value organizational culture and values strongly perpetuating these some values and behaviours in their staff. â€Å"Visioning is the mark of transformational leader; visionary leadership allows nurses to create a picture of an ideal future. In sharing these visions the transformational leader empowers staff to find a common ground and a sense of connection. Transformational leaders do the following to achieve results: i. Involve stakeholders (including staff) from the outset when change occurs. ii. Focus on the quality of service. iii. Use non-hierarchical teams with devolved leadership. iv. Create supportive and informal culture. v. Implement successful change leadership. Important concepts in leading/directing Supervision (overseeing) Supervision is another leadership behavior. It includes inspecting another’s work, evaluating his/her performance and approving or correcting performance. Good supervision is facilitative because a good supervisor inspects work in progress and can remedy inadequate performance before serious consequences develop. The intensity of supervision should match situational requirements, employees needs and managers leadership skills. Supervision must be appropriate in type and intensity for work groups members to interact effectively e. g. technical nurses need closer supervision than professional nurses. Intensity of supervision should also depend on manger-caregiver ration. A manager can effectively supervise a large number of subordinates when they are confined in a small area, perform similar jobs and are fairly educated. The purpose of supervision is to inspect, evaluate and improve worker performance. Therefore a criteria is needed for judging the quality of work processes and outcomes. Job description and associated performance standards provide such evaluation criteria. The following performance elements should be appraised. 1. Quantity of work output 2. Quality of output 3. Time use 4. Conservation of resources 5. Assistance to co-workers 6. Support of administrators Co-ordination This is another leadership activity. It includes all activities that enable work group members to work together harmoniously. Co-ordination ensures that everything that needs to be done is done and that no two people are doing the same thing (or duplication of activity). Coordinating means: 1. Distributing authority 2. Providing channels of communication 3. Arranging work so that the * Right things are done. * At the right time * In the right place * In the right way * By the right people The overall results of coordination should be orderly work, harmonious, efficient and successful activities Communication Management is working through others in order to achieve organizational goals. Therefore a manager must be able to communicate ideas, opinions, requests and directions effectively to co-workers. Effective communications consist of transmitting an accurate message to the proper recipients at the appropriate time in a manner that conserves the senders and receivers energy, followed by checking that the intended message was received. Communication can therefore be defined as the exchange of information or understanding between a sender (source) and a receiver (audience). It includes verbal and non verbal through which meaning is conveyed to others. Silence is also considered as communication since it can also convey a meaning. The process involves a message which is encoded and transmitted through some medium to a receiver who decodes the message and then a feedback to the sender. Communication model: Methods of communication (channels) Receiver Sender Message Feedback Giving feedback indicates understanding of the message; hence there is effective two way communication which is necessary for effective management: ORGANIZATION COMMUNICATION: (give a handout) Formal channels of communication: Those are the official paths prescribed by the management which generally follow the organizational chain of command: information may be communicated in several ways: a. Downward communication b. Upward communication c. Horizontal communication Downward communication: The information flows down the organizational hierarchy from managers to subordinates and the objectives of this four of communication is: * To give directives. The staff is told what needs to be done or given information to facilitate the job to be done e. g. procedure guidelines. Upward Communication: Occurs from staff to management or from lower management to middle or upper management. It mainly involves reporting pertinent information to facilitate problem solving and decision making. It reveals problem areas, indicates status of worker ‘s morale and makes workers feel part of the organization. Horizontal communication: This is routinely achieved through committees or teams e. g. Outpatient management teams, clerical teams. Committees provide a mechanism for representatives of different organizational units at similar levels to discuss common problems and potential problems face to face. This is time consuming, expensive and their decisions are often compromises that may represent ineffectual solution. Lateral Communication: Occurs between individuals or departments at the same hierarchical level (e. g. nurse managers). Diagonal Communication: Involves individuals or departments at different hierarchical levels (staff nurse to chief of medical staff). Both lateral and diagonal communication involves information sharing, discussion and negotiation. Informal Communication: An informal channel seen in organization is the grapevine (i. e. rumours and gossips). This is often rapid, haphazard and prone to distortion. Managers can control negative aspects of the grapevine by communicating accurately, timely information, by maintaining and activating open channels of communication in all directions and by moving quickly to correct inaccurate information. BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Environmental Barriers: (Noise, Attention, Time) a. Noise – Can cause misunderstanding since it makes it difficult for one to hear. b. Attention – Multiple and Simultaneous demands on the sender may cause the message content to be packaged inappropriately (phone, signing documents). c. Time – If less, the sender may have little opportunity to completely think through structure the message to be conveyed, while to the receiver there is inadequate opportunity to ascertain its meaning. 2. Philosophy, Levels, Power Status a. Philosophy – an organization that is not interested in promoting communication upward or downward will certainly establish procedural and organizational blockages. E. g. inaccessibility to superiors, lack of interest in employees, insufficient time to receive information, retard communication flow, lack of action with regard to complaints, ideas, and problems tend to discourage flow of information. Multiple levels in an organization hierarchy tend to cause message distortion. b. Levels: When multiple links exists in the communication chain information will be rearranged as it is transmitted to other receivers. c. Power status relationship: This can also distort or inhibit transmission of message. A discordant superior-subordinate relationship can dampen the flow and content of information. In health organizations it is quite common e. g. patients may not question the doctor or a very experienced nurse may not tell a doctor that the treatment is wrong! d. Terminology and Complexity of the message: Words mean specific things to those who are familiar with them and tend to minimize misunderstanding vice versa. Complexity of message with terminology that may be unfamiliar to the receiver will obviously lead to misunderstanding of the message. COMMUNICATION IN GROUPS / TEAMS A GROUP:- A group is an aggregate of individual who interact and mutually influence each other. We have two types of Groups Formal Groups These are clusters of individuals designated by an organization to perform specified organ tasks. Taskforces, committees teams e. injection control team. Informal Groups Groups that evolve from social interactions that are not defined by an organizational structure. e. g People who take levels together who convince sponeneously to discuss a clinical dilemma. A. Teams Teams are real groups in which individuals must work co0operatively with other in order to achieve some goals. They demonstrate healthy interdependence. A team is compo sed of a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals and approach for which they held themselves mutually accountable. Teams have commend or line authonty to perform tasks and membership is based on the specific skills required to accomplish the task. Phases of GROUP AND formation Concepts/ leaves develop in the following phases 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning 1. Forming This is the initial stage of group development in which individual members assemble into a well defined cluster ( members get to know each other, and very cautions. 2. Storming The second stage of group department, in which group members develop ** and relationship; competition and conflict generally occur. . Norming 3rd stage of Group development. The Group defines its goals and rules of behavior. They define acceptable and unacceptable behavior attitudes. They define acceptable and unacceptable behavior attitudes ** develops. 4. performing (4th stage) The members agree on basic purposes and activities and came out the work. Cooperation improves and emotional issues subside. Members communicate effectiv ely and interact in a relaxed atmosphere of sharing. 5. Adjourning This is the final stage of group development, in which a group dissolves after achieving its objectives. Team building/ team development. This is a group development technique that focuses on task and relationship aspects of group functioning in order to build team cohesiveness. Team building involves a) Gathering data through individual interviews, questioners and or group meetings a benefit the team and its functioning. b) Digressing the team strengths and arcsine need of development. c) Helding semi- structural retreat sessions usually ducted by an experienced facilitator aimed at addressing priority team problem. Characteristics of effective teams 1. Clear objectives and agreed goals . Openness and confrontation 3. Support and trust 4. Co-operation and conflict 5. Sound procedures 6. Appropriate leadership 7. Regular review 8. Individual development 9. Sound intergroup relations Communicating in Groups Characteristics of Groups 1) Norms: These are informal rule sin behaviour shared and enforced by group members e. g Time keeping, changing of shifts. Roles A role is a set of expected behaviors that fit together into a unified whole and are characteristic of persons in a given context. Roles commonly seen in groups can be classified as auther; Task Roles Nurturing roles or social emotional roles Individuals performing task roles attempt to keep group focused on its goals. STATUS This is a social ranking of individual relative to others in a group based on the position they occupy. Status comes from factors the group values such as achievement, personal characteristics the ability to control rewards or the ability to control information. Higher status members often exercise more influence in group decisions than others. In Summary Communication is influenced by the status and roles of the individuals who dominate team discussions. e. High – status members who are fulfilling key roles in relation to a teams priorities are likely to exercise considerable control over communication in the group by determining topics, setting the tone of the discussions and influencing how decisions are made. Communicating with others in the clinical setting 1. Communicating with supervisions Communicate with supervision to develop a good working r elationship. 1. Always observe professional courtesy. 2. incase of any problem, follow the policy and procedure of the organization 3. If not an emergency, request for an appointment, to discuss the problem further. This demonstrates right time and place. 4. State the concern clearly and accurately. 5. Provide supporting evidence 6. State a willingness to co-operate in finding the solution. 7. Match behaviors to words. Communicating with co-workers * To collectively provide quality patients care, nurses depend on co-workers and this requires effective communication. * Do unto others as you wound have them do into you * Your perspective should be that all members of the team are important to successfully realize quality patient care. * Appreciate others for work well done * Offer constructive feedback Be open to the possibility that coworkers especially those with experience have some wisdom to share with you. Communicating with others practitioners * Always introduce yourself to other practitioners. ( or if you are the manager, introduce new gradates. Students to other practitioners) * Be honest and up front. Ask something that you are not aware off. * Show respect and consideration for other pr actitioners you work with ( But don’t be a dormant) * Present information in a straight forward manner, clearly delineating the problem supported by pertinent evidence. Document well especially if the expected actions were not done in the incident book. MOTIVATION Motivation describes the factors that initiate and direct behavior. Therefore a nurse manager’s most important leadership task is to maximize subordinates work motivation because employees bring to the organization different needs and goals, the type and intensity of motivators vary among employees. Therefore the nurse manager must know which needs the employee expects to satisfy through employment and should be able to predict, which needs will be satisfied through the job duties of each nursing position. Importance of Motivation Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- 1. Puts human resources into action Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This can be done by building willingness in employees to work. This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources. 2. Improves level of efficiency of employees The level of a subordinate or a employee does not only depend upon his qualifications and abilities. For getting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. This will result into- a. Increase in productivity, b. Reducing cost of operations, and c. Improving overall efficiency. 3. Leads to achievement of organizational goals The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the following factors take place :- d. There is best possible utilization of resources, e. There is a co-operative work environment, f. The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner, g. Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation. 4. Builds friendly relationship Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction. This can be done by keeping into mind and framing an incentive plan for the benefit of the employees. This could initiate the following things: h. Monetary and non-monetary incentives, i. Promotion opportunities for employees, j. Disincentives for inefficient employees. In order to build a cordial, friendly atmosphere in a concern, the above steps should be taken by a manager. This would help in: a. Effective co-operation which brings stability, b. Industrial dispute and unrest in employees will reduce, c. The employees will be adaptable to the changes and there will be no resistance to the change, d. This will help in providing a smooth and sound concern in which individual interests will coincide with the organizational interests, e. This will result in profit maximization through increased productivity. 1. Leads to stability of work force Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of reputation and goodwill of a concern. The employees can remain loyal to the enterprise only when they have a feeling of participation in the management. The skills and efficiency of employees will always be of advantage to employees as well as employees. This will lead to a good public image in the market which will attract competent and qualified people into a concern. As it is said, â€Å"Old is gold† which suffices with the role of motivation here, the older the people, more the experience and their adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise. From the above discussion, we can say that otivation is an internal feeling which can be understood only by manager since he is in close contact with the employees. Needs, wants and desires are inter-related and they are the driving force to act. These needs can be understood by the manager and he can frame motivation plans accordingly. We can say that motivation therefore is a continuous process since motivation process is based on needs which are unlimited. The process has to be continued throughout. We can summarize by saying that motivation is important both to an individual and a business. Motivation is important to an individual as: 1. Motivation will help him achieve his personal goals. 2. If an individual is motivated, he will have job satisfaction. 3. Motivation will help in self-development of individual. 4. An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team. Similarly, motivation is important to a business as: 1. The more motivated the employees are, the more empowered the team is. 2. The more is the team work and individual employee contribution, more profitable and successful is the business. 3. During period of amendments, there will be more adaptability and creativity. 4. Motivation will lead to an optimistic and challenging attitude at work place. Motivational theories (REFER TO NOTES ON NEOCLASSICAL THEORISTS) Motivational theories were concerned with three things: a. What mobilizes or energizes human behavior. b. What directs behavior towards the accomplishment of some objectives. c. How such behavior is sustained over-time. Motivation theorists 1. Maslow Hierarchy of needs (5). 2. Alderfer – 3 need levels: Existence, relatedness, growth theories. 3. Herzbergs two factor theory 4. Skirine’s reinforcement theory – behavior modification (behavior becomes associated with a particular consequence. Consequences may be positive or negative. A positive reinforces reward, a negative reinforces like punishment. 5. Vrooms expectancy theory – emphasizes the role of rewards and this relationship to the performance of desired behavior. 6. Adams (equity theory) – the motivational theory that suggests that effort and job satisfaction depend on the degree of equity or 7. Goal Theory (locke). 8. Equity – the perception that one’s work contribution is rewarded in the same proportion that another person’s contribution is reward.